E-Butwal: computer

HTML tutorial for beginners.How to create webpages using HTML?

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<b><u>What is HTML?</u></b></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-3dmJFpqyl_BgZBeHTGU3-1hA8Be0B8XENpg6QRHkfufyS4qTQUIVyqqlsEXAvoJ1oaa9vOR4a3TdZR2BKBB0KMBtBZlHRineaXvxJabYsRtzkzJ3J0gm99ZojQjuc-rpTguiEan5W33T/s1600/4268841912_c2b34ca43c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="what is html" border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-3dmJFpqyl_BgZBeHTGU3-1hA8Be0B8XENpg6QRHkfufyS4qTQUIVyqqlsEXAvoJ1oaa9vOR4a3TdZR2BKBB0KMBtBZlHRineaXvxJabYsRtzkzJ3J0gm99ZojQjuc-rpTguiEan5W33T/s400/4268841912_c2b34ca43c.jpg" title="html tag" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
HTML is "Hyper Text markup Language" which is used for the creation of web pages.HTML allows texts,audio,pictures and videos to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms.The language is written in the form of html elements enclosed in angle brackets(<,>).What are tags and elements?They are briefly described below.<br />
<br />
Lets start with basic lesson to create html program.<br />
<i><b><html></b></i><br />
<i><b></html></b></i><br />
The signs "<,>" are called tags.Tags are what make up the HTML language.They contains instructions that tell web browser what to do.You will notice the tag start and with <i><b>angle</b></i> brackets.The text that appears right after the opening angle bracket is called the<i><b> element</b></i>.The element describes what kind of tag this is.In this case,the HTML element tells the web browser that this is an HTML file.Down at the bottom "<b></html></b>" tag starts with a forward slash "<b>/</b>". The slash is used to close the element.All elements eventually need to closed after they are opened.As shown below with short example.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<hr />
<b><html></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></html></b></div>
<hr />
<br />
In the above example,Element "html" is opened and just below it is closed with "/" tag.Opening and closing an element is another way of saing that you are starting and ending something.In the above case we are starting the HTML program with "<html>" and ending with "</html>".Everything contained between these two tags is considered to be the HTML program.So,how are the HTML program prepared to build websites?Short description is shown below.<br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<hr />
<b><html></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><head></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></head></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></html></b></div>
<hr />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
Just described above,every elements must be ended with slash (/) tag.In above example,we have added "<head>" section as it is ended up with "</head>".The head section contains information about HTML files. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Moving forward, To build up website or any other pages,next attribute "<body>" is added.For clear view check out the below example.</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<hr />
<b><html></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><head></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></head></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><body></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></body></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></html></b></div>
<hr />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Slightly different than the previous example right?We have added "<body>" section and closed it with "</body>" tag.Do not forget to close each and every tag as shown in the example.The <body> section is for content that will be displayed when we view with a web browser.So,how are we gonna add text in our websites?Let's broaden mind with the further example.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<hr />
<b><html></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><head></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></head></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><body></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>This is my first Tutorial.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></body></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></html></b></div>
<hr />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
As shown small program above,we have put some text between "<body>" and "</body>",The text which are put in between those two tags are called the contents of web pages.When we browse something in webpages,we see texts and pictures over that pages.Those contents always starts after <body> and ends with </body>.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
You have some texts in your body,now how are you gonna give title to that page?Its very important to give some name to your page,isn't it?To give title to your page,do the following.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<hr />
<b><html></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><head></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><title>About HTML</title></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></head></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><body></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>This is my first Tutorial</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></body></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></html></b></div>
<hr />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
In the above program,we have added "<title>" element and added some text and closed with "</title>".This is very initial step of about how to prepare web pages using HTML.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
After learning some basic steps,follow the process to practice on your own.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Open notepad.</li>
<li>Type small html program as tought in above tutorial and save the content as ".html" or ".htm" format.For example, save the program as tutorial.html.</li>
<li>Now open the saved file by double clicking into it,it will get opened in your default browser showing how you have created your first web page.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
It is as simple as blinking eyes,isn't it?This article is for the beginners who don't have even a little knowledge about HTML programming.For more attributes and scripts,please visit us regularly and Comments are much appreciated for further feedbacks and more tutorials.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Thank you.. :)</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

HTML tutorial for beginners.How to create webpages using HTML?

What is HTML? HTML is "Hyper Text markup Language" which is used for the creation of web pages.HTML allows texts,audio,pictu...

Computer Security-How to make Computer secured?

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Computer Security</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwR7sSGAeYMCO1ULKaRpPugNBKhDXE3ehgvkyk6ZHK2rDG-8cGPObhkQ2GJZ0S1yAtRuuP6M8ZNvmKCJpZZo1Fqy3BwdYcJoS7JLYNtEYX5Y0E6cTct59qkXaqphSPbrDYzuDNqREzmiXQ/s1600/crgh.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="firewall protectionand antivirus" border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwR7sSGAeYMCO1ULKaRpPugNBKhDXE3ehgvkyk6ZHK2rDG-8cGPObhkQ2GJZ0S1yAtRuuP6M8ZNvmKCJpZZo1Fqy3BwdYcJoS7JLYNtEYX5Y0E6cTct59qkXaqphSPbrDYzuDNqREzmiXQ/s320/crgh.png" title="computer security" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Process of preventing unauthorised use of computer or some unusual activities detected by any of the system is called computer security.Security is likely to be referred as the term "secure".Various ways can be implemented to break the security system of computer.Some of the security measures are widely used to get rid of problem form being attacked by intruders.<br />
How to apply complete security to system?What should be done to make our system risk free.Some important measures are going to be described below which will surely help your computer to get safe from unknown and unusual activities.<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Install Antivirus in your system</span><br />
<hr />
Antivirus is a software which can also be known as anti-malware software used to prevent,detect and remove malicious(infected) software or any files/folders located in the system.To get computer completely secured,antivirus must be installed in computer.Avast,AVG,Kaspersky,Mcafee,Quick heal,etc are some of the trusted antivirus which will help computer to keep secure from every threats.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Firewall Security</span><br />
<hr />
Firewall is either a piece of hardware or piece of software or combination of both.Firewall are absolutely critical in today's computer system.To prevent some suspecious activities from all public networks,firewall must be installed on your system.<br />
Firewall works as a defender between your network and public network by placing its place between them.If firewall is not turned on or unavailability of firewall security may make intruders easy to make a path to your network making misuse of your system and even accessing some private datas from your computer.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Update operating system</span><br />
<hr />
Make sure your operating system is regularly updated from time to time.Regular update will also updates the softwares of your computer which are outdated which will help in security system to make strong<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Choosing web browser</span><br />
<hr />
Malware or any other malicious contents enters to your system not only from the physical devices,they route the way to system via web browser as well.So,choose web browser based on its security and vulnerabillities.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Password protection</span><br />
<hr />
Do not forget to lock your system with strong passwords.Like setting up user account,router account must be locked with strong password.If possible,use such combination of letters which do not have any meaningful word.Hackers may use dictionary attacks and brute force attack.Also make your computer completely secured by setting up BIOS password.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Avoid Unnecessary downloads</span><br />
<hr />
While downloading any pages or softwares(including antivirus software),get it from trusted source.Do not use free antiviruses or softwares.They may be dangerous and designed to hack your computer.</div>

Computer Security-How to make Computer secured?

Computer Security Process of preventing unauthorised use of computer or some unusual activities detected by any of the system is call...

How do VPN work? How does VPN make file sharing secure?

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<b><u>Introduction to networking</u></b></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXOL1_138fiE85fhvLus7x7D6P2BcoK2rLNzh6YMCUc4j3Oh2Fet1Nv0f9BjUV-dHfkxdYXQJx3By53HDJxYYQxt7lredR6ZXX9Fn1n8ygyHzJ6CCf3XO54kJAh1lmC62RTIPqIC6r5VN/s1600/network.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="network between different servers in world" border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXOL1_138fiE85fhvLus7x7D6P2BcoK2rLNzh6YMCUc4j3Oh2Fet1Nv0f9BjUV-dHfkxdYXQJx3By53HDJxYYQxt7lredR6ZXX9Fn1n8ygyHzJ6CCf3XO54kJAh1lmC62RTIPqIC6r5VN/s320/network.jpg" title="Networking " width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Networking works as backbone when talking about computer,server or any client related to web.If there is no any networking between computers,file sharing and connection between servers in not possible.Lots of Organisations,individuals and offices runs their business through networking.So,its obvious whoever is reading this post is not unknown from the word "Network". Coming to the point about how to make your networking secure and private.This might be new to many of computer and internet lovers.Somehow when talking about private network, "VPN" will come to tonguetip.But what VPN actually is?Most people think there are lots of theories behind how VPN works and due to insufficient knowledge about networking,messy information over internet makes it more complicated and sophisticated to understand the real meaning of VPN.Here i am gonna make you clear about VPN with simple language not washing your brain anymore.  :)<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>What is VPN?</u></h2>
<hr />
<br />
VPN is "Virtual Private Network" which allows computer or entire network to connect to each other over the internet securely.For example,you have an office in Texas and want to share secure connection with the office in Chicago,VPN plays a vital role working as a defender.File sharing is secure over VPN server as it uses a combination of dedicated connections and encryption protocols to generate Virtual P2P(Point to Point) connection.Even if cyberpunks or snoopers try to steal the information by breaking the secure connection,data is still safe and cant be accesed.Mainly following  points are considered for sending file in secure way.<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>Authentication</u></b><br />
VPN server must authenticate your computer for file sharing.This is done by the VPN client or software installed in your computer so that VPN server will recognise your computer and grant access for the further processing.<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>Tunnelling</u></b><br />
Encapsulation of public network to send file from one server to another is called Tunnelling.Advantage of tunnelling is,snoopers can't see what we are sending to another server.It's not so easy to break the tunnel by them.But if it is broke down,Encryption is necessary.<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u>Encryption</u></b><br />
Files and any datas are encrypted so that cyber pirates will not be able to have any access over it.Mainly file are encrypted in AES 120 and SDES 256 making hactivists impossible to decrypt it.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>How does VPN work?</u></h2>
<hr />
<br />
There are lots of servers in web world and if we try to connect to other server,there will never be a direct connection.Our datas need to communicate with many servers making connections and linkups with different webs.So,any of the server is hacked,our datas will be stolen.So,VPN detects if<br />
anyone is trying to attack our data and as soon as it finds something unusual,it changes the route and connects with other servers making different paths.Picture below will clearly define how VPN works.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh0QtXal1o-b-aql6s6teHhLSteU4Hn0cWicKlmUq3nGt7GZg9N6Edx-j12O2HfVSNxby2fORGv-nFale1DGlrdI1xvkrZU97UjYM9cK9CmcOoEydojHQevPIYUzCYwaQayN84a5LF4kQb/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How does VPN work?" border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh0QtXal1o-b-aql6s6teHhLSteU4Hn0cWicKlmUq3nGt7GZg9N6Edx-j12O2HfVSNxby2fORGv-nFale1DGlrdI1xvkrZU97UjYM9cK9CmcOoEydojHQevPIYUzCYwaQayN84a5LF4kQb/s640/Untitled.jpg" title="VPN server " width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>How does VPN make your sharing secure?</u></h2>
<hr />
<br />
Your Computer or any server wants to share file to another network in private connection.But,sharing is only possible over internet or via your ISP(Internet Service Provider) which is somehow not secure.So VPN server acts as defender between your PC and ISP.Whenever you share your data,it must pass through VPN server and then to ISP.In all this process,your PC is first detected by the VPN server,after it authorizes your computer,it allows your PC to share file via VPN client installed in your computer.While data being shared from VPN server,it creates tunnel through which data are being shared without being seen from any cyber criminals.If they breaks tunnels and try to access the data,they can't get the prior information as they are highly secured with encryption.This is how file sharing is safe via VPN server.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Advantages of VPN</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>File sharing is secure.</li>
<li>Even if file is accessed by some cyber pirates,they are still secured by encrypted codes.</li>
<li>Your PC can't be noticed by your ISP as file will be sent from VPN server making your ip address unseen to ISP or any other hactivists.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>Disadvantages of VPN</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Non reliable VPN server may misuse their service as they can make an access to every datas of your PC.</li>
<li>VPN servers may be costly.(according to their reliability).</li>
</ul>
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<br />
<br /></div>

How do VPN work? How does VPN make file sharing secure?

Introduction to networking Networking works as backbone when talking about computer,server or any client related to web.If there is n...

How was DNS discovered?-How does DNS work?

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History of DNS(Domain Name System)</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-YdIl5shRea4tBbCNpv5YV2FFCaZFxZwbIQfWP4e_5RHnZANRciiGX__SK-h2OoGJzpwVvf7k5jgNdxcml7kZ9bPZLMJDS9Pqe__-l-nf___UiD_qenNar99U9xHuEZvgWthyphenhyphenYbxruW18/s1600/dnsss.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hiatory of DNS" border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-YdIl5shRea4tBbCNpv5YV2FFCaZFxZwbIQfWP4e_5RHnZANRciiGX__SK-h2OoGJzpwVvf7k5jgNdxcml7kZ9bPZLMJDS9Pqe__-l-nf___UiD_qenNar99U9xHuEZvgWthyphenhyphenYbxruW18/s320/dnsss.png" title="DNS" width="320" /></a></div>
The internet started in about 1969 with ARPAnet.They were like 4 universities and they started exchanging data between their computers via ip address.Meantime there were limited hosts so,conflict of remembering ip address for communication was not a big deal but within couple of years more computers were added within the universities.Then conflict of remmebering ip addresses of different hosts started and that was being great problem.<br />
<br />
In 1971,lady called "Peggy Karp" developed new system which somehow reduced the problem of ip address.That discovery was "Host lookup table".Basically it is a small ASCII notepad file that is to be put on every hosts(computer) so that it will recognises the respective ip address making situation somehow better.So,whenever computer wants to get connected to another computer,one could just type host name and then computer with located ASCII text file would resolve it to an IP address resulting successful connection between two hosts without remembering all ip addresses .It solved the bizzare situation of remembering complicated numbers.<br />
<br />
It took more than 13 years to actually develop the first Domain Name System (DNS).Within 13 years from 1972-1985,there were thousands of computer accross the internet world within 4 universities and everytime new host was added,all hosts should be informed about new host and should be added to each computer again.It was again creating problem in communicating between hosts and was likely to be impossible to update every computer with new host again and again until DNS got evolution.<br />
<i>[Note:"Host Lookup Table" is still in an existance]</i><br />
<br />
To see your host lookup table follow the steps:<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Go to C Drive</li>
<li>Goto Windows</li>
<li>Goto System32</li>
<li>Goto Drivers</li>
<li>Goto etc</li>
<li>There you will see "hosts" file.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b>How does DNS work</b></h2>
<hr />
<br />
DNS is a "Distributed Database" of names and IP addresses. To know more about DNS,click<b><i> <a href="http://www.e-butwal.com/2015/07/how-are-two-servers-communicated.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</i></b><br />
DNS works according to the following table<br />
<b>*Root server</b><br />
          "."<br />
<b>*Top Level Domain(TLD) Servers</b><br />
         .com,.net,.org,.us.,etc<br />
<b>*Domain Servers</b><br />
         Yahoo,Google,Ford,etc<br />
<b>*Forwarders</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><i>Following Example will make you clear about process of how DNS works</i></b><br />
<br />
Suppose you are searching "Nestle Company" from its website nestle.com.Here Dot(.)is a root server and (.com) is Top Level Domain server.Lots of TLD servers are associated in the web,at first it recognises the concerned Domain server and after finding it,domain name is searched and as soon as it finds the respective domain name it,forward it to the ip address associated to the domain "nestle.com".After ip address is recognised,it is forwarded to the user trying to access and then,page of "nestle.com" can be downloaded.<br />
The whole process seem to be lengthy but it is completed within seconds.This is how DNS plays a vital role to associate any ip address with the domain name making every host easy to find what they want.<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b></div>

How was DNS discovered?-How does DNS work?

History of DNS(Domain Name System) The internet started in about 1969 with ARPAnet.They were like 4 universities and they started exch...

How are two servers communicated?-All about DNS and TCP/IP

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
What is DNS?</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2fJX1e3maDaKqDvlHvaiYb9520glxQQdPLhQTufYZWPsddVhnOA64TaJnYIgedr_p-opwBAY2SjEpoZOLF4oPCMFPjxmRUKqYJCV6RSVleQXYGPRGmyHzjtxH-jc5l454HamJtLYHX8Hx/s1600/dnss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNS description" border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2fJX1e3maDaKqDvlHvaiYb9520glxQQdPLhQTufYZWPsddVhnOA64TaJnYIgedr_p-opwBAY2SjEpoZOLF4oPCMFPjxmRUKqYJCV6RSVleQXYGPRGmyHzjtxH-jc5l454HamJtLYHX8Hx/s200/dnss.jpg" title="Ip address being redirected to website" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>DNS </b>stands for <i>Domain Name Service</i> or <i>Domain Name System</i>.It maps domain names to ip addresses.Its not easy for humans to remember all ip addresses as computer addresses each server with ip addresses.So,for convenient and easy navigation,DNS are used to remember ip addresses in simple way.So, we use domain names,computer names and host names,etc to access or even share files between two servers and each servers have its significant unique ip address.If any server lacks ip address,connection can't be made.So,in short to gain access over other server, ip address is needed and its unlike to have every different ip address our brain so,DNS helps to redirect names to concerned ip address.<br />
To know about how DNS works,click <a href="http://www.e-butwal.com/2015/08/history-of-dns.html" target="_blank"><i><b>here</b></i></a><br />
<br />
<u><b>Be more clear about DNS by the following example</b></u><br />
<br />
Say,you need to access a song from another server(internet) and you are searching for a English rock song,There are millions of servers from where we can get what we are searching for but you need particular ip address to access that file.Will it be possible for you to search your content with the ip address?I guess No.But what if you have Domain name,example:(englishrocksong.com) redirecting to the ip address from where we can access file.<br />
This is what DNS do.It ofcourse prevents you from remembering all those horrible combinations of numbers and saves lots of time too.<br />
<br />
<b>There are two different types of names</b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>1.Domain Names</u></span></b><br />
As we have already discussed little about Domain name.Its a easy way to remember all ip address associated in different servers.Domains like .com,.net,.org are widely used today.If we need to access google,we download google page by typing www.google.com, Now it might have clear about domain(.com) and domain name(google) which helps in redirecting to the ip address of google "216.58.196.4"<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>2.Host Names</u></span></b><br />
Host Name are the name of computer or any other physical hardware like printer,web server,mail server,etc.Lets talk about my computer,My computer's name is "Amar-PC",that name is host name and my computer is too a kind of server with unique ip address.If any other server wants to have connection with my computer,it wants to know my ip address which will be redirected by my host name.<br />
<br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></u></b>
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">What are Hosts</span></u></b><br />
<hr />
Hosts are any workstation,printer,router,computer,etc as mentioned earlier.In the DNS world,we call those workstations a host and every hosts can be given name as i gave my computer "Amar-PC" as a host name.What do hosts have in common?All host name have a name and an ip address assigned to it.Every servers like mail servers,web servers and other physical servers/computer servers have their host name with different ip-adresses participating in a DNS network.<br />
<br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">What is Ip address?</span></u></b><br />
<hr />
Ip address is a 12 digit number broken up into four parts.Ip address is the identification of any hosts which are unique to other servers.Lets talk about server taking an example of TP_Link router.Router here is a host,TP-Link is a host name and its ip address is "192.168.1.1" or "192.168.0.1".For more convenience,ip address can be redirected by its domain name tplinkwifi.net.It's the another way of identifying the host.Data sharing betwwen two hosts is done using TCP/IP.<br />
<br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">What is TCP/IP</span></u></b><br />
<hr />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_27cq8VlFPwDo7CWFoOi2n6C4_i0oYhfK3dn3I12FCy2swHvTsNCdBH6de4RXtAePEgsjrlgIoLWF4k6SkTDfxY7PtuwuHH1uoB2cTlv0AUgwCtbxaAP8Gsmk_2wGEsG9MEQNmCwTOEu/s1600/tcpip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="TCP/IP" border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_27cq8VlFPwDo7CWFoOi2n6C4_i0oYhfK3dn3I12FCy2swHvTsNCdBH6de4RXtAePEgsjrlgIoLWF4k6SkTDfxY7PtuwuHH1uoB2cTlv0AUgwCtbxaAP8Gsmk_2wGEsG9MEQNmCwTOEu/s200/tcpip.jpg" title="Connection between different computers with TCP/IP" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.It establishes and maintains an error free connection between two hosts.And the other part is IP which is the packet part of protocol.While connection between two hosts is maintained by TCP,packet data are being shared by IP(Internet Protocol).Packets from one host is sent to another host addressing ip address and recieves maintaining error free connection.This is how packets are being shared and two hosts are communicated with TCP/IP.<br />
<br />
This is the basic things to know about how connections are made between two servers in efficient way.For queries or assistance plz leave some comments and feedbacks are appreciated.Keep visiting for more about Networking and Internet related contents.<br />
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How are two servers communicated?-All about DNS and TCP/IP

What is DNS? DNS stands for Domain Name Service or Domain Name System .It maps domain names to ip addresses.Its not easy for humans ...

Every Possible problems in laptop. Diagnose your problem and fix it

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
Laptop hardware related issues</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Mostly hardware related problems in laptop makes lots of people suffer.People who dont have any idea about the problem makes them more helpless.Some of the possible hardware related problems in laptop mentioned below will surely help you to diagnose the problem and probably helps to get rid from helpless situation.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtVeMW19VF4zpKnGbdtIDg7_h1f-mfwyIYc9ZsHSGfZvrHKAAm79dL7MUwVnSnUAGjA3Wfv4IiGSYVCKWHKeou0_bJiGiU44G8RpbLJ4VsPiwFieypt-6BIDJ46BebC68Qgg1_l3fRTFQj/s1600/laptop-problems-and-how-to-fix.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="how to fix laptop harware problems" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtVeMW19VF4zpKnGbdtIDg7_h1f-mfwyIYc9ZsHSGfZvrHKAAm79dL7MUwVnSnUAGjA3Wfv4IiGSYVCKWHKeou0_bJiGiU44G8RpbLJ4VsPiwFieypt-6BIDJ46BebC68Qgg1_l3fRTFQj/s320/laptop-problems-and-how-to-fix.jpg" title="laptop problem and solution" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Laptop hardware problems getting solved</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">1.Computer turning on problem</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">While booting no any reactions in the system is common problem in laptops.It does not let to diagnose any further problem unless you know what the real cause is stopping laptop to turn on.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>
<b>Some of the causes for this problems are:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The AC adapter has failed and no any charge is left in the battery.Test AC adapter and if its working fine Check out status of battery and if it's not helping replace the battery.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">DC problem might be stopping supply of power to motherboard.Check DC status of your laptop by voltmeter,if you find problem,its time to get new DC jack.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Failure of Motherboard will prevent laptop from getting started.Replace motherboard.Replace motherboard or get new laptop if it's too expensive.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">2.Screen is Blank</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Laptop is getting power,Led light and fan is on but no any response from monitor.Screen gets blank even after turning power on.</span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
Possible problems:</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;">This can be memory failure.One of the memory module might be defective.In this case,reseat the memory module and check whether problem is occured in slot or not.Check reseating/replacing memory module and confirm slot is working as well</span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;">If reseating/replacing memory module doesnt work,try removing every hard drive,dvd drive,wireless card and even it doesn't get start after disassembling,motherboard or processor failure problem is diagnosed.</span></h4>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.Laptops freezes or gets shuts down</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Problem of laptops getting hang and gets shuts down itself is probably problem in fan.notice,how heat is your laptop while getting freezed.If you find your laptop getting hot,follow the following process to get your problem solved</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b>
<b>Possible problem:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It's probably laptop heating issue and it occurs due to non-efficiciency of fan.Try cleaning up fan and remove dust particles which might be preventing fan to run smoothly.It will help most of the heating issues in laptops.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">4.Laptop makes noise while running</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Laptop works perfect but starts making noise grinding or rattling noise.In this case,problem might be in fan.Check out whether fan is working properly or not.If you find something stopping fan to run smoothly,clean it out. If you are still having problem,backup all your data and replace hard drive.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.Battery not charging properly</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The battery stopped charging properly. It doesn’t charge at all or charges only after you adjust the position of AC adapter plug inside the power connector.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Possible problem:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Failed battery.  If it doesn’t charge completely try reconnecting the battery first. Also, try running the laptop just from AC adapter with battery removed. If it runs fine from AC adapter, most likely it’s either bad battery or failed motherboard. Try replacing the battery first.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Failed DC power connector. If the battery charges only after you adjust the position of AC adapter tip inside the connector, most likely this the DC jack failed.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">6.False colour/Display problem in Laptop</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Sometimes laptops bear display problems and true colour are not displayed.Apart from that garbled image may irritate users.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Possible problem:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">It may be graphic problem.Check your laptop with external monitor with VGA cable and still,if its showing the same problem,graphic card is having some problem.Replace graphic card in this situation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Before replacing graphic card,give a try by giving good connection to video cable and motherboard.Sometimes poor connection between video cable and motherboard lead to such problems.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">7.Keyboard has missing or broken keys.</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A key got separated from the laptop keyboard.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Problem solution:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">If a key separated from the keyboard, it’s still possible to fix it.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">If you have many keys missing, probably it makes sense to replace the whole keyboard</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: inherit;">8.Repetitive beep sound on startup.</span></u></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">You turn on the laptop but there is no video on the screen. Instead, it starts making repetitive beeping sound. In some cases you can “fix” the problem temporarily if you press on the keyboard keys.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Problem solution:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Most likely you have stuck keys. In this case you’ll have to replace the keyboard.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br /></div>

Every Possible problems in laptop. Diagnose your problem and fix it

Laptop hardware related issues Mostly hardware related problems in laptop makes lots of people suffer.People who dont have any idea abou...

How to setup ADSL setting in Nepal?-Settings for NTC ADSL internet in Nepal

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg34y5KQZE_D0OfQxM1cD07tkXZtTXn7xY4IIdG46RqXmtiS1lFXotyqKMb0Ubdib6gkyCCCI2oVCpvfwKFdcYl3M8CYEooZ8_SNylaEHWPp7FfH5bv7Lm_8A9wPvuPFMkLr6vvz3Dlz9bh/s1600/NT+logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="adsl setting nepal telecom" border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg34y5KQZE_D0OfQxM1cD07tkXZtTXn7xY4IIdG46RqXmtiS1lFXotyqKMb0Ubdib6gkyCCCI2oVCpvfwKFdcYl3M8CYEooZ8_SNylaEHWPp7FfH5bv7Lm_8A9wPvuPFMkLr6vvz3Dlz9bh/s320/NT+logo.jpg" title="namaste telecom" width="320" /></a><br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Requirements for ADSL internet settings</h2>
<br />
Working Landline connection<br />
Subscribed for Internet in Nepal Telecom<br />
Payment upto date<br />
CPE (ADSL 2+ modem)<br />
<br />
Before correcting issues with your internet connection above points should be considered and after you are done with it kindly proceed to modem configuration below<br />
<br />
Browse the web management page of your ADSL modem by entering 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1 in your Chrome/Firefox Browser.<br />
<br />
Provide admin username="admin" and password="admin" of your modem<br />
(Default is admin,admin)<br />
<br />
After you enter management portal page of your router,you can find "Quick Setup" tab in the begining. Click there and follow the process<br />
<br />
Configuration Parameters for Routing Mode<br />
<br />
<b>VPI</b> :  8<br />
<b>VCI</b> : 81<br />
<b>encapsulation</b>  :  PPPOE/LLC<br />
<b>Authentication</b>:  Auto<br />
<br />
Username:  Provided by NT<u>(example:adsl*****)</u><br />
Password :  Provided by NT<u>(examole:adsl*****)</u><br />
Providing these information should establish connection between CPE and DSLAM<br />
<br />
After above settings are applied internet must work. If it still shows problem,contact to NTC office for further inquiries.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
</div>

How to setup ADSL setting in Nepal?-Settings for NTC ADSL internet in Nepal

Requirements for ADSL internet settings Working Landline connection Subscribed for Internet in Nepal Telecom Payment upto date CPE ...

What to do if computer slows down?-Freezing problem in computer "solved"

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<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<u>Computer getting freezed frequently?</u></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="239" src="http://pchardwarepro.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Web-browsing-history.jpg" width="320" /></div>
<br />
There are many causes which results in slowing down of computer.Irritation and Anger towards the system is obvious at that moment.Many people starts banging their CPU/Laptops in anger but thats not gonna solve the problem.What should be done to handle such situation?No worries now,you are in correct page.Your problem will be solved by following the tips given below<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What should be done if computer gets slow</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Keep Calm</u></h4>
Most important,being calm and keeping patience is the main key to solve every problem.Showing anger to computer and losing temper will sure invite more problems.So, before punching CPU,think the consequences and diagnose the problem.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Check the common errors</u></h4>
Sometimes unnecessary software and applications are consuming RAM and memory of your system,checkout unused software and uninstall them.<br />
<b style="background-color: #ffe599;"><u><br /></u></b>
<b style="background-color: #ffe599;"><u>How to uninstall application from computer</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Click on Control Panel</li>
<li>Go to Program and features</li>
<li>Right Click on the application you want to uninstall</li>
<li>Click on uninstall</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Maintain Boot startup</u></h4>
While booting computer,if unused software starts up automatically,it will take maximum time to load drivers,so avoid unnecessary application to run automatically in boot startup<br />
<br />
<b><u style="background-color: #f9cb9c;">How to avoid application start automatically while booting</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Click on Start button on left corner in your windows</li>
<li>Type msconfig in search option </li>
<li>Microsoft configuration box will appear in the nest window.There you will find startup option in 4th column.</li>
<li>Click there and list of application are shown up,and unmark the application which you dont want to start along boot.</li>
<li>Save the settings.</li>
<li>You can find some change in next boot. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Cleanup Junk files</u></h4>
Consuming Hard disk memory to excess will make system slow and frequent checkup of hard disk is most necessary for smooth perfomance of your system.Clean Junk files associated in C drive.<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u style="background-color: #ffe599;">How to clean Junk files in C:</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Right click on C: after entering to "My computer" section.</li>
<li>You will find "clean junk",click there.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Some <a href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/136109/article.html" target="_blank">utilities</a> are also available to cleanup junk files in one tap.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Run a disk defragment</u></h4>
Sounds complicated, but this is basically a way of reconfiguring how your hard drive stores information for maximum efficiency.<br />
<b><u><br /></u></b>
<b><u style="background-color: #ffe599;">How to defragment disk</u></b><br />
Go to “My Computer”, right-click on the hard drive and select “Properties”. Under the “Tools” tab there should be an option to “Defragment Now”.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Keep your system out of dust</u></h4>
This sounds little odd,but system can slow down if its not avoided from dust particles.If CPU fan gets interrupt while maintaining its rotation speed,computer gets overheated and starts slowing down. So,timely cleaning up Fan Filter and cleaning up dust particles from CPU is important.<br />
<br />
<br />
             <i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">After following all the above methods,still you are having problem then,follow the following tips</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Turn off your computer and while booting up,it will show 4 options before starting</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Run in Safe Mode</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Run in Safe Mode with Networking</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Run in Safe Mode with cmd Prompt</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Run Windows Normally</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Go with Run in Safe mode.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If you can run computer in smooth way,its time to upgrade your operating system.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Format windows and reinstall to solve the problem.</span></i><br />
<br />
If Running in Safe Mode is still not helping,problem might be of hard disk or motherboard.Take your system to nearby Computer Shop and repair as soon as possible.<br />
<br />
For more tips to make your computer fast click <a href="http://www.e-butwal.com/2015/07/tips-to-improve-speed-of-computer.html" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
Thanks for reading my article.Feedback and comments will be appreciated. :)<br />
<br />
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What to do if computer slows down?-Freezing problem in computer "solved"

Computer getting freezed frequently? There are many causes which results in slowing down of computer.Irritation and Anger towards the ...

Fast tips to improve your computer's speed

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<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Computer Getting Slow? Few Tips To Speed It Up</h2>
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<a href="http://queenslandcomputers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/computer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="http://queenslandcomputers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/computer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>Why Computers Slow Down</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">However, although computers do slow down after the installation of software, the main reason they get slower is because every year newer software has bigger and bigger requirements. For example: The Windows 98 operating system required 24 megabytes of memory and just 200 megabytes of hard drive space, whereas Windows 7 requires 2 gigabytes of memory and 20 gigabytes of hard drive space. As we learned in How to Back Up Your Data, a gigabyte is about a thousand megabytes so in a 10-year span the requirements for computers have increased 100 times. Who wouldn’t slow down!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">For us, this means that without upgrading, our computer’s specifications don’t change at all. But every year, software needs more and more of your computer’s precious resources. So when you install software on a 5-year-old computer, it will slow it down a lot more then it would if you installed it on a new computer.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">People run into this problem a lot when they wipe their computer clean and reinstall the operating system. Their computer will be just as fast as the day they bought it, but the moment they install new software that is a few years younger than the computer, well, that’s when it slows way down again.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">That said, I would like to debunk one myth that seems to persist in the technology world year after year:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Registry cleaners do not work! The registry in Windows keeps information about your system and programs so programs that claim to “clean” the registry might end up deleting information that allows your programs to run correctly. My advice is to just avoid cleaning your registry altogether.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">They can even be harmful to your computer. If you come across programs that promise to clean your registry, I advise against them.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u>How to Optimize Your Computer</u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">There are 4 things that take just a few minutes of your time, but can make a significant difference in how fast your computer performs:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Clearing your cookies and other temporary web data every so often will really increase how fast your internet browser responds, and will even fix most problems you have with the internet. Here’s a link on how to do this with many popular web browsers.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Running security scans is something you should set up to happen automatically each week. If malware has infected your computer, you can bet that it will take a very large portion of your computer’s resources for its own malevolent purposes. Checking for malware once a week will definitely help to keep your computer running at tip-top shape.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Along with keeping your antivirus software up to date, keeping your operating system supplied with the latest updates will do a world of difference. I know that many people out there (certainly not my listeners) hit the “skip” or “remind me later” button when their computer asks to install updates. I recommend checking for new updates a few times a month, because many of these updates will help to close security holes, and will also optimize certain aspects of your operating system.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the biggest boosts to your machine’s performance would be to limit the items that start when your computer boots up. I generally only have 3-4 programs open at start up, and then only run the programs I need to use when I need them. If you have 20+ programs running automatically when your computer starts, not only will it take forever to boot, but it will be slow the entire time you use it. This happens because even if you’re not using these programs, they will run in the background, which still uses your computer’s resources. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Here are your 4 Quick Tips for speeding up your computer:</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Delete cookies and temporary files from your internet browser frequently</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Run your antivirus at least once a week to make sure no malware snuck into your system</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Keep your antivirus and operating system up to date</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Limit the amount of programs that run automatically when you start your computer</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">One thing I did not mention in this episode was reinstalling your operating system. While this would probably make the most difference in speeding up your computer, it is fairly time consuming and technical and should not be attempted by anyone except a professional.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
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Fast tips to improve your computer's speed

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