E-Butwal: Networking

Computer Security-How to make Computer secured?

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Computer Security</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwR7sSGAeYMCO1ULKaRpPugNBKhDXE3ehgvkyk6ZHK2rDG-8cGPObhkQ2GJZ0S1yAtRuuP6M8ZNvmKCJpZZo1Fqy3BwdYcJoS7JLYNtEYX5Y0E6cTct59qkXaqphSPbrDYzuDNqREzmiXQ/s1600/crgh.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="firewall protectionand antivirus" border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwR7sSGAeYMCO1ULKaRpPugNBKhDXE3ehgvkyk6ZHK2rDG-8cGPObhkQ2GJZ0S1yAtRuuP6M8ZNvmKCJpZZo1Fqy3BwdYcJoS7JLYNtEYX5Y0E6cTct59qkXaqphSPbrDYzuDNqREzmiXQ/s320/crgh.png" title="computer security" width="320" /></a></div>
 
Process of preventing unauthorised use of computer or some unusual activities detected by any of the system is called computer security.Security is likely to be referred as the term "secure".Various ways can be implemented to break the security system of computer.Some of the security measures are widely used to get rid of problem form being attacked by intruders. 
How to apply complete security to system?What should be done to make our system risk free.Some important measures are going to be described below which will surely help your computer to get safe from unknown and unusual activities. 
 
Install Antivirus in your system 
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Antivirus is a software which can also be known as anti-malware software used to prevent,detect and remove malicious(infected) software or any files/folders located in the system.To get computer completely secured,antivirus must be installed in computer.Avast,AVG,Kaspersky,Mcafee,Quick heal,etc are some of the trusted antivirus which will help computer to keep secure from every threats. 
 
Firewall Security 
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Firewall is either a piece of hardware or piece of software or combination of both.Firewall are absolutely critical in today's computer system.To prevent some suspecious activities from all public networks,firewall must be installed on your system. 
Firewall works as a defender between your network and public network by placing its place between them.If firewall is not turned on or unavailability of firewall security may make intruders easy to make a path to your network making misuse of your system and even accessing some private datas from your computer. 
 
Update operating system 
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Make sure your operating system is regularly updated from time to time.Regular update will also updates the softwares of your computer which are outdated which will help in security system to make strong 
 
Choosing web browser 
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Malware or any other malicious contents enters to your system not only from the physical devices,they route the way to system via web browser as well.So,choose web browser based on its security and vulnerabillities. 
 
Password protection 
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Do not forget to lock your system with strong passwords.Like setting up user account,router account must be locked with strong password.If possible,use such combination of letters which do not have any meaningful word.Hackers may use dictionary attacks and brute force attack.Also make your computer completely secured by setting up BIOS password. 
 
Avoid Unnecessary downloads 
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While downloading any pages or softwares(including antivirus software),get it from trusted source.Do not use free antiviruses or softwares.They may be dangerous and designed to hack your computer.</div>

Computer Security-How to make Computer secured?

Computer Security Process of preventing unauthorised use of computer or some unusual activities detected by any of the system is call...

How do VPN work? How does VPN make file sharing secure?

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Introduction to networking</h2>
 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXOL1_138fiE85fhvLus7x7D6P2BcoK2rLNzh6YMCUc4j3Oh2Fet1Nv0f9BjUV-dHfkxdYXQJx3By53HDJxYYQxt7lredR6ZXX9Fn1n8ygyHzJ6CCf3XO54kJAh1lmC62RTIPqIC6r5VN/s1600/network.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="network between different servers in world" border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXOL1_138fiE85fhvLus7x7D6P2BcoK2rLNzh6YMCUc4j3Oh2Fet1Nv0f9BjUV-dHfkxdYXQJx3By53HDJxYYQxt7lredR6ZXX9Fn1n8ygyHzJ6CCf3XO54kJAh1lmC62RTIPqIC6r5VN/s320/network.jpg" title="Networking " width="320" /></a></div>
 
Networking works as backbone when talking about computer,server or any client related to web.If there is no any networking between computers,file sharing and connection between servers in not possible.Lots of Organisations,individuals and offices runs their business through networking.So,its obvious whoever is reading this post is not unknown from the word "Network". Coming to the point about how to make your networking secure and private.This might be new to many of computer and internet lovers.Somehow when talking about private network, "VPN" will come to tonguetip.But what VPN actually is?Most people think there are lots of theories behind how VPN works and due to insufficient knowledge about networking,messy information over internet makes it more complicated and sophisticated to understand the real meaning of VPN.Here i am gonna make you clear about VPN with simple language not washing your brain anymore.  :) 
 
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What is VPN?</h2>
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VPN is "Virtual Private Network" which allows computer or entire network to connect to each other over the internet securely.For example,you have an office in Texas and want to share secure connection with the office in Chicago,VPN plays a vital role working as a defender.File sharing is secure over VPN server as it uses a combination of dedicated connections and encryption protocols to generate Virtual P2P(Point to Point) connection.Even if cyberpunks or snoopers try to steal the information by breaking the secure connection,data is still safe and cant be accesed.Mainly following  points are considered for sending file in secure way. 
 
Authentication 
VPN server must authenticate your computer for file sharing.This is done by the VPN client or software installed in your computer so that VPN server will recognise your computer and grant access for the further processing. 
 
Tunnelling 
Encapsulation of public network to send file from one server to another is called Tunnelling.Advantage of tunnelling is,snoopers can't see what we are sending to another server.It's not so easy to break the tunnel by them.But if it is broke down,Encryption is necessary. 
 
Encryption 
Files and any datas are encrypted so that cyber pirates will not be able to have any access over it.Mainly file are encrypted in AES 120 and SDES 256 making hactivists impossible to decrypt it. 
 
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How does VPN work?</h2>
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There are lots of servers in web world and if we try to connect to other server,there will never be a direct connection.Our datas need to communicate with many servers making connections and linkups with different webs.So,any of the server is hacked,our datas will be stolen.So,VPN detects if 
anyone is trying to attack our data and as soon as it finds something unusual,it changes the route and connects with other servers making different paths.Picture below will clearly define how VPN works. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh0QtXal1o-b-aql6s6teHhLSteU4Hn0cWicKlmUq3nGt7GZg9N6Edx-j12O2HfVSNxby2fORGv-nFale1DGlrdI1xvkrZU97UjYM9cK9CmcOoEydojHQevPIYUzCYwaQayN84a5LF4kQb/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How does VPN work?" border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh0QtXal1o-b-aql6s6teHhLSteU4Hn0cWicKlmUq3nGt7GZg9N6Edx-j12O2HfVSNxby2fORGv-nFale1DGlrdI1xvkrZU97UjYM9cK9CmcOoEydojHQevPIYUzCYwaQayN84a5LF4kQb/s640/Untitled.jpg" title="VPN server " width="640" /></a></div>
 
 
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How does VPN make your sharing secure?</h2>
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Your Computer or any server wants to share file to another network in private connection.But,sharing is only possible over internet or via your ISP(Internet Service Provider) which is somehow not secure.So VPN server acts as defender between your PC and ISP.Whenever you share your data,it must pass through VPN server and then to ISP.In all this process,your PC is first detected by the VPN server,after it authorizes your computer,it allows your PC to share file via VPN client installed in your computer.While data being shared from VPN server,it creates tunnel through which data are being shared without being seen from any cyber criminals.If they breaks tunnels and try to access the data,they can't get the prior information as they are highly secured with encryption.This is how file sharing is safe via VPN server. 
 
Advantages of VPN 
 
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>File sharing is secure.</li>
<li>Even if file is accessed by some cyber pirates,they are still secured by encrypted codes.</li>
<li>Your PC can't be noticed by your ISP as file will be sent from VPN server making your ip address unseen to ISP or any other hactivists.</li>
</ul>
 
 
Disadvantages of VPN 
 
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<li>Non reliable VPN server may misuse their service as they can make an access to every datas of your PC.</li>
<li>VPN servers may be costly.(according to their reliability).</li>
</ul>
 
 
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How do VPN work? How does VPN make file sharing secure?

Introduction to networking Networking works as backbone when talking about computer,server or any client related to web.If there is n...

How was DNS discovered?-How does DNS work?

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History of DNS(Domain Name System)</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-YdIl5shRea4tBbCNpv5YV2FFCaZFxZwbIQfWP4e_5RHnZANRciiGX__SK-h2OoGJzpwVvf7k5jgNdxcml7kZ9bPZLMJDS9Pqe__-l-nf___UiD_qenNar99U9xHuEZvgWthyphenhyphenYbxruW18/s1600/dnsss.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Hiatory of DNS" border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-YdIl5shRea4tBbCNpv5YV2FFCaZFxZwbIQfWP4e_5RHnZANRciiGX__SK-h2OoGJzpwVvf7k5jgNdxcml7kZ9bPZLMJDS9Pqe__-l-nf___UiD_qenNar99U9xHuEZvgWthyphenhyphenYbxruW18/s320/dnsss.png" title="DNS" width="320" /></a></div>
The internet started in about 1969 with ARPAnet.They were like 4 universities and they started exchanging data between their computers via ip address.Meantime there were limited hosts so,conflict of remembering ip address for communication was not a big deal but within couple of years more computers were added within the universities.Then conflict of remmebering ip addresses of different hosts started and that was being great problem. 
 
In 1971,lady called "Peggy Karp" developed new system which somehow reduced the problem of ip address.That discovery was "Host lookup table".Basically it is a small ASCII notepad file that is to be put on every hosts(computer) so that it will recognises the respective ip address making situation somehow better.So,whenever computer wants to get connected to another computer,one could just type host name and then computer with located ASCII text file would resolve it to an IP address resulting successful connection between two hosts without remembering all ip addresses .It solved the bizzare situation of remembering complicated numbers. 
 
It took more than 13 years to actually develop the first Domain Name System (DNS).Within 13 years from 1972-1985,there were thousands of computer accross the internet world within 4 universities and everytime new host was added,all hosts should be informed about new host and should be added to each computer again.It was again creating problem in communicating between hosts and was likely to be impossible to update every computer with new host again and again until DNS got evolution. 
[Note:"Host Lookup Table" is still in an existance] 
 
To see your host lookup table follow the steps: 
 
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<li>Go to C Drive</li>
<li>Goto Windows</li>
<li>Goto System32</li>
<li>Goto Drivers</li>
<li>Goto etc</li>
<li>There you will see "hosts" file.</li>
</ul>
 
 
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How does DNS work</h2>
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DNS is a "Distributed Database" of names and IP addresses. To know more about DNS,click <a href="http://www.e-butwal.com/2015/07/how-are-two-servers-communicated.html" target="_blank">here</a>. 
DNS works according to the following table 
*Root server 
          "." 
*Top Level Domain(TLD) Servers 
         .com,.net,.org,.us.,etc 
*Domain Servers 
         Yahoo,Google,Ford,etc 
*Forwarders 
 
Following Example will make you clear about process of how DNS works 
 
Suppose you are searching "Nestle Company" from its website nestle.com.Here Dot(.)is a root server and (.com) is Top Level Domain server.Lots of TLD servers are associated in the web,at first it recognises the concerned Domain server and after finding it,domain name is searched and as soon as it finds the respective domain name it,forward it to the ip address associated to the domain "nestle.com".After ip address is recognised,it is forwarded to the user trying to access and then,page of "nestle.com" can be downloaded. 
The whole process seem to be lengthy but it is completed within seconds.This is how DNS plays a vital role to associate any ip address with the domain name making every host easy to find what they want. 
 
 
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How was DNS discovered?-How does DNS work?

History of DNS(Domain Name System) The internet started in about 1969 with ARPAnet.They were like 4 universities and they started exch...

How are two servers communicated?-All about DNS and TCP/IP

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What is DNS?</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2fJX1e3maDaKqDvlHvaiYb9520glxQQdPLhQTufYZWPsddVhnOA64TaJnYIgedr_p-opwBAY2SjEpoZOLF4oPCMFPjxmRUKqYJCV6RSVleQXYGPRGmyHzjtxH-jc5l454HamJtLYHX8Hx/s1600/dnss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DNS description" border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2fJX1e3maDaKqDvlHvaiYb9520glxQQdPLhQTufYZWPsddVhnOA64TaJnYIgedr_p-opwBAY2SjEpoZOLF4oPCMFPjxmRUKqYJCV6RSVleQXYGPRGmyHzjtxH-jc5l454HamJtLYHX8Hx/s200/dnss.jpg" title="Ip address being redirected to website" width="200" /></a></div>
 
DNS stands for Domain Name Service or Domain Name System.It maps domain names to ip addresses.Its not easy for humans to remember all ip addresses as computer addresses each server with ip addresses.So,for convenient and easy navigation,DNS are used to remember ip addresses in simple way.So, we use domain names,computer names and host names,etc to access or even share files between two servers and each servers have its significant unique ip address.If any server lacks ip address,connection can't be made.So,in short to gain access over other server, ip address is needed and its unlike to have every different ip address our brain so,DNS helps to redirect names to concerned ip address. 
To know about how DNS works,click <a href="http://www.e-butwal.com/2015/08/history-of-dns.html" target="_blank">here</a> 
 
Be more clear about DNS by the following example 
 
Say,you need to access a song from another server(internet) and you are searching for a English rock song,There are millions of servers from where we can get what we are searching for but you need particular ip address to access that file.Will it be possible for you to search your content with the ip address?I guess No.But what if you have Domain name,example:(englishrocksong.com) redirecting to the ip address from where we can access file. 
This is what DNS do.It ofcourse prevents you from remembering all those horrible combinations of numbers and saves lots of time too. 
 
There are two different types of names 
 
1.Domain Names 
As we have already discussed little about Domain name.Its a easy way to remember all ip address associated in different servers.Domains like .com,.net,.org are widely used today.If we need to access google,we download google page by typing www.google.com, Now it might have clear about domain(.com) and domain name(google) which helps in redirecting to the ip address of google "216.58.196.4" 
 
2.Host Names 
Host Name are the name of computer or any other physical hardware like printer,web server,mail server,etc.Lets talk about my computer,My computer's name is "Amar-PC",that name is host name and my computer is too a kind of server with unique ip address.If any other server wants to have connection with my computer,it wants to know my ip address which will be redirected by my host name. 
 
 
What are Hosts 
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Hosts are any workstation,printer,router,computer,etc as mentioned earlier.In the DNS world,we call those workstations a host and every hosts can be given name as i gave my computer "Amar-PC" as a host name.What do hosts have in common?All host name have a name and an ip address assigned to it.Every servers like mail servers,web servers and other physical servers/computer servers have their host name with different ip-adresses participating in a DNS network. 
 
What is Ip address? 
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Ip address is a 12 digit number broken up into four parts.Ip address is the identification of any hosts which are unique to other servers.Lets talk about server taking an example of TP_Link router.Router here is a host,TP-Link is a host name and its ip address is "192.168.1.1" or "192.168.0.1".For more convenience,ip address can be redirected by its domain name tplinkwifi.net.It's the another way of identifying the host.Data sharing betwwen two hosts is done using TCP/IP. 
 
What is TCP/IP 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_27cq8VlFPwDo7CWFoOi2n6C4_i0oYhfK3dn3I12FCy2swHvTsNCdBH6de4RXtAePEgsjrlgIoLWF4k6SkTDfxY7PtuwuHH1uoB2cTlv0AUgwCtbxaAP8Gsmk_2wGEsG9MEQNmCwTOEu/s1600/tcpip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="TCP/IP" border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS_27cq8VlFPwDo7CWFoOi2n6C4_i0oYhfK3dn3I12FCy2swHvTsNCdBH6de4RXtAePEgsjrlgIoLWF4k6SkTDfxY7PtuwuHH1uoB2cTlv0AUgwCtbxaAP8Gsmk_2wGEsG9MEQNmCwTOEu/s200/tcpip.jpg" title="Connection between different computers with TCP/IP" width="200" /></a></div>
 
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol.It establishes and maintains an error free connection between two hosts.And the other part is IP which is the packet part of protocol.While connection between two hosts is maintained by TCP,packet data are being shared by IP(Internet Protocol).Packets from one host is sent to another host addressing ip address and recieves maintaining error free connection.This is how packets are being shared and two hosts are communicated with TCP/IP. 
 
This is the basic things to know about how connections are made between two servers in efficient way.For queries or assistance plz leave some comments and feedbacks are appreciated.Keep visiting for more about Networking and Internet related contents. 
 
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How are two servers communicated?-All about DNS and TCP/IP

What is DNS? DNS stands for Domain Name Service or Domain Name System .It maps domain names to ip addresses.Its not easy for humans ...

How to setup ADSL setting in Nepal?-Settings for NTC ADSL internet in Nepal

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Requirements for ADSL internet settings</h2>
 
Working Landline connection 
Subscribed for Internet in Nepal Telecom 
Payment upto date 
CPE (ADSL 2+ modem) 
 
Before correcting issues with your internet connection above points should be considered and after you are done with it kindly proceed to modem configuration below 
 
Browse the web management page of your ADSL modem by entering 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.0.1 in your Chrome/Firefox Browser. 
 
Provide admin username="admin" and password="admin" of your modem 
(Default is admin,admin) 
 
After you enter management portal page of your router,you can find "Quick Setup" tab in the begining. Click there and follow the process 
 
Configuration Parameters for Routing Mode 
 
VPI :  8 
VCI : 81 
encapsulation  :  PPPOE/LLC 
Authentication:  Auto 
 
Username:  Provided by NT(example:adsl*****) 
Password :  Provided by NT(examole:adsl*****) 
Providing these information should establish connection between CPE and DSLAM 
 
After above settings are applied internet must work. If it still shows problem,contact to NTC office for further inquiries. 
 
 
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How to setup ADSL setting in Nepal?-Settings for NTC ADSL internet in Nepal

Requirements for ADSL internet settings Working Landline connection Subscribed for Internet in Nepal Telecom Payment upto date CPE ...

E-Butwal

Computer Security-How to make Computer secured?

How do VPN work? How does VPN make file sharing secure?

How was DNS discovered?-How does DNS work?

How are two servers communicated?-All about DNS and TCP/IP

How to setup ADSL setting in Nepal?-Settings for NTC ADSL internet in Nepal

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